a page from Jakob Kobel's Rechenbiechlein of 1514.

a characteristic page from Pietro Borghi's 1488 edition of Chi de arte matematiche ha piacere published in Venice.
 
03 Filippo Calendri, De Arithmetica , published in Florence in 1491/2

09 Apianus, Eyn Newe umnd wolgegrundte underweysung aller Kauffmanss Rechnung in dreyen buchen ....Georgius Apianus, Ingolstadt, 1527; the publication puts particular emphasis on the explanation of mathematical propositions with diagrams and associated imagery - here an early, perhaps the first, visual explanation of a Pascal triangle.

Smith/Plimpton, "Two curious forms of multiplication", from G. and G.Taglienti, Libro dabaco che insegna a fare ogni ragione mercadantile..., Milan 1541. The panels were reproduced side by side. To help in loading I have stacked them vertically.

Claude de Boissiere , L'Art de Arythmetique contenant toute Dimention, tres singulier et commode, tant pour l'art militaire que autres calculations, Annet Briere, Paris 1554.Systems of counting and calculation with clusters of cubes.

a page from Johannes Thomas Freigius' general book on education with an influential section on mathematics, Basel 1582,

the standard teachings of mathematical calculation with additions by a student, c1580.

02 from Edward Hatton, The Merchant's Magazine , London 1695, and one of nine specimens of the author's calligraphic representation of mercantile truths and techniques.