MARK GERTLER and the Making of Merry-Go-Round

76' x 56'; Tate Gallery London, finished by September 1916 and exhibited at the London Group 1917. The subject is close to my heart as it was prepared as an article for Apollo then under the editorship of Denys Sutton, It received the imprimatur of the artist's son, Luke Gertler. After Sutton's death, I heard nothing more. But I still felt that the conscious and unconscious themes not only expressed the balance in the artist between intuition and logic but also added something to this masterpiece of British painting.

My lecture was to give a context to the painting, relating it to Gertler's predicament as a Jew under fire in the East End, his interreaction with D.H.Lawrence and Gilbert Cannan. In the process I have researched contemporary imagery of the London Underground and the Circle Line, used by poor citizens to shelter. I trace the impact of Diaghilev's ballets on Mark's generation and have developed a separate database of Zeppelin imagery and ther threat from above.

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FOUR STUDIES FOR MERRY GO ROUND/ XRAY showing early compositional proposition from Sarah MacDougal'sl article in TATE etc

Self Portrait 1908 and a Chronology

"Merry Go Round" photographed in the Tate August 1 2014

A FEW WORKS BY GERTLER IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

" Gertler is by birth an absolute little East End Jew.... He is rather beautiful and has a funny little shiny black fringe; his mind is deep and simple, and I think he has the feu sacre." Edward Marsh 1913. The talk addresses the problematic subject matter of the painting. Why is the image of the Merry Go Round associated with hysteria rather than happiness ? What is the significance of the painting in its contemporary context ? What influenced its extraordinary imagery ?
 
The Cylic in pictorial imagery,
Hitchcock's Strangers on a Train (1951).
Gertler's early subject matter in the East End.
Early work, Rabbi and Daughter 1912.
 
The influence of Diaghilev and Petrouchka, 1912. The Benois sets for Petrouchka, see A.G.Houbigant, Moeurs et Costumes des Russes , Paris 1817, (01) lithographs of Russian scenes upon which Benois seems to have based his celebrated Fairground sets for Diaghilev.
The influence of D.H.Lawrence, Women in Love ,1921,written from 1912 and The Rainbow, Sept. 1915
 
The Home Front during the First World War, the early bombing raids on London, the early shelters in the Underground. Effect on civilian morale. (01. 02, 03)

DAILY MAIL'S map of German bombing of the UK.

 The nature of Gertler's creativity." You ask what is the matter with me ? Well, it is something serious - the greatest crisis in my life - and you know what I have already suffered in the past. I fact for the time being I see no solution - the trouble is- my work - what is my value as an artist / What have I in me after all ? Is there anything there worth while after all ? That is the point - I doubt myself - I doubt myself terribly - after all these years of labour and you know how I worked - so so hard with my blood and I have lived and fed up my work - my work was by faith....." letter to William Rothenstein, c1925. September 1939, dies by his own hand.
 
 TEXTS

1. Responses to the painting .

1.1"With its harsh flickering restlessness the painting seemed to be a comment on Mark's life in the various scenes through which he had passed - Whitechapel slum, young artist's Bohemia, fashionable society, the Garsington intelligentsia. It was impossible too to look at these mechanical soldiers going round and round without recalling the horrors of the deadlocked Western Front....." William Rothenstein, Men and Memories 1942.
 
1.2 "In this extraordinary picture the folk art figures express, although in a more sophisticated fashion, the brutality that the boisterous jollity of the traditional Punch scarcely masks.... Never again as far as I am aware did his folk art figures assume so grand or so sinister a form." John Rothenstein.
 
1.3 "Your terrible and beautiful picture[in reproduction] has just come. This is the first picture you have ever painted : it is the best modern picture I have ever seen : I think it is great and true. But it is horrible and terrifying. I'm not sure I wouldn't be too frightened to come and look at the original." D.H.Lawrence.

2.Gertler on Art and Creativity .

2.1 "I paint pictures which seem to me wonderful but no one understands them." Mark Gertler, May 1916. "Ideas for future pictures come to me very often and these ideas are so mysterious and wonderful that when they come over me - they come in waves - I get so excited and feel so physically weak that I can hardly stand." MG to Edward Marsh, August 17th, 1915.
 
2.2 "I get amazing visions for pictures, some of them too complicated to paint but wonderful as ghosts. I got wonderful ideas here on Bank Holidays. Multitudes of people. Bright feathers, swinging in and out of the clouds in coloured boats... a blaze of whirling colour; the effect would be something like a rainbow. It would be wonderful if one could give the effect of the whirl and the excitement, but it's too complicated an idea to paint yet." Gertler, letter to Carrington, 1915 written in Hampstead Heath.
 
2.3 "He was baffled by this association of art with things like politics and music-halls, which he had always accepted as part of the world's constitution, but essentially unimportant. He had no organised mental life. His ideas came direct from his instincts to his mind, and were used for immediate purposes or dropped back again to return when wanted." G.Cannan, Mendel.
 

3. Appropriate texts; the image of the moth and the candle .

3.1 "This world in which she lived was like a circle lighted by a lamp. This lighted area, lit up by man's completest consciousness, she thought was all the world : that here all was disclosed for ever. Yet all the time within the darkness she had been aware of points of light, like the eyes of wild beasts, gleaming, penetrating, vanishing. And her soul had acknowledged in a great heave of terror only the outer darkness. The inner circle of light in which she lived and moved, wherein the trains rushed and the factories ground out their machine produce and the plants and the animals worked by the light of science and knowledge, suddenly it seemed like an area under an arc lamp, wherein the moths and children played in their security of blinding light, not even knowing there was any darkness because they stayed in the light..... Nevertheless the darkness wheeled about, with grey shadow-shapes of wild beasts, and also with dark shadow shapes of the angels whom the light fenced out, as it fenced out the more familiar beasts of darkness."
D.H.Lawrence, The Rainbow,1915, of Ursula Brangwyn. Lawrence as an admirer of Thomas Hardy would not have missed the use of the image used to describe Tess in Tess of the Durbevilles.
 

3.2"You seem to me to be flying like a moth into a fire. I beg you don't let the current of work carry you on so strongly that it will destroy you oversoon.." DHL to MG
 

3.3 "He lived in a circle of light into which like moths came timid, blinking, lovable figures, and he loved them ; but they passed on and were lost in the tumultuous heaving darkness of life, into which alone he could not enter." Gilbert Cannan, Mendel ,1916.

4. Appropriate texts; the experience of being in the Underground.

• "Last night when we were coming home the guns broke out, and there was a noise of bombs. Then we saw the Zeppelin above us, just ahead, amid a gleaming of clouds; high up, like a bright golden finger, quite small among a fragile incandescence of clouds. And underneath it were splashes of fire as the shells fired from earth burst. Then there were flashes near the ground - and the shaking noise. It was like Milton - then there was a war in heaven. But it was not angels. It was that small golden Zeppelin, like a long oval world up high. Then the small, long ovate luminary, the new world in the heavens disappeared again." DHL letter to Lady Ottoline Morrell, Sept.9 1915. Byron Villas, Hampstead.

• "The shelters belonged, it was affirmed, mainly to the poorer type of alien in East London; it seemed to be implied that no true born native would be so un-British as to take cover from falling bombs - not at all events in a Tube station. Raids being shorter in those days, the shelterers did not have to sit it out for the whole night. They whiled away the time riding back and forth in the train..... returning of course to their starting point and no fares paid. The Inner Circle as it was then called, was a particular favourite." J.A.B.Hamilton, Britain's Railways in World War I, 1967.

•"He had never been in the Tube and, one day, with a shilling borrowed from Harry, it seemed appropriate to him to plunge into the bowels of the earth.The oppression of the air, the flash of the stations as he moved through them, suited his mood, fantastic and futile." G.Cannan, Mendel.
 

• " It seems to me the stark truth one has inside one is all that matters whether it is paint, or books or life. ... I saw the Daily Mirror today today - the Zeppelin wrecks etc. How exhausted one is by all this fury of strident lies and foul death......." Lawrence to Gertler Sept 1916.

 

• from "The Question of Things Happening", Letters of Virginia Woolf , 1912-1922.

781: "To VANESSA BELL

Friday [25 August 1916]

...I can't help being selfishly rather glad that you may spend part of the winter in London, especially with these raids going on. We actually had a zeppelin over the house here--in broad daylight. We were away, but the servants say the sound is unmistakable, and were in a panic; Nelly hiding in the wood, and Lottie running to the Woolers, where Mrs Wooler did nothing but dash into her house and out again. But it was so high up that no one saw it. Eleven aeroplanes chased it. I can't help thinking it was really English."

p.112

• from "The Question of Things Happening", Letters of Virginia Woolf , 1912-1922.

817: "To VANESSA BELL

Monday [22 January 1917]

"...The fog is permanent here; by night we have the Aurora Borealis, which a man in the street took to be zeppelins, so shouted out loud under the servants window. At midnight we heard them carrying their bedding to the kitchen, there to lie on the floor till day--With great difficulty we got them up again, and lectured them on the nature of northern lights. I think I must write the stories of our youth for Julian. Aunt Ena is dead." p.138

to the THE AESTHETICS OF BEING BOMBED section, 1900-1945

 

THE LECTURE

These are the bare bones of a lecture given at the University of Brighton (MA Narrative and Editorial Course) after 1980. Each time I gave the lecture, audiences added more to my understanding. Further reading about London at War 1914-1918 revealed more relevent aspects to the study of the painting. To this day, I still find references to Zeppelins over London, and difficulties experienced by civilians at the start of Mechanised Warfare, harmonise well with an understanding of the mood Gertler had created in this work.

I saw the painting at the Ben Uri Gallery before it was transferred to the Tate Gallery, a terrible and grave painting that oppressed and puzzled. In the Ben Uri it was difficult to get back from it and it was frighteningly oppressive. It was certainly unlike anything else I had ever seen, and was unbelievably painted by a British artist.

I was told by the Curator that there was a huge weight of pigment on the back of its canvas because, standing unsold in his studio, face turned to the wall, it bore the scrapings of Gertler's palette on a daily basis.

The image of the Merry-Go-Round as Carnival attraction struck a resonance with me because from childhood I always feared the mad, abandoned machine fixed to the Fairground floor. Hitchcock chose the Merry Go Round increasingly out of control as a setpiece in Strangers on a Train.

Giving money for the privilege, you sit clutching a garish chicken or horse screaming with pain, then as the machine is activated, you share the air of hysteria gradually gathering among the riders and their spectators, with the earspiltting music that accompanies the experience. The wheeling shapes circling above above the steel machine seemed more ominous than clouds (which was one explanation).

Contemporary influences (either consciously or unconsciously) absorbed by the artist,seemed to require closer study. As always D.H.Lawrence was attuned to the energy of the work and its emerging programme of meaning. The example of the Shrove Tide Fair in Diaghilev's ballet Petrouchka which most of Gertler's set had seen before 1914 provided one aspect of understanding. The convergence within the image of the Merry-Go-Round, of reflections on the Circle Line as a means for poor East Enders to escape Zeppelin bombing, and the destructive circling of the Moth around the Flame emerged over the years.

I submitted an article to Apollo and Denys Sutton. Luke Gertler read the text and I was most encouraged. It just never appeared.I have ceased to write to persuade, but here present the central texts and thoughts for you to construct into what you will. The perfectly turned argument that finds an admiring peer review before an acclaimed academic publication seems hollow now. Much more exciting is the way in which exploration of the context in which a work of art was created helps to bed it down in the imagination, establishing a persuasive direct line to the impulse of image making. It helped I was teaching practising artists, many of whom were intellectually incapable of the towering structures later generations of scholars may infer.

The previous art historical analysis of the painting was primarily style based whereas the rawness and impact of the painting seemed to demand discussion of direct responses to experiences of the War on the Home Front -

• the sublime spectacle of destruction of life and property from the air;

• bewildered civilians taking shelter in the Underfound and in particular using the Circle Line to escape the bombing;

• Gertler's guilt at being protected in Hampstead while his family living in the East End were in danger of being bombed;

• the pictorial possibilities of the scenario accommodating a cross section of British society trapped in the claustrophobic cycle of destruction;

•set against an understanding of Diaghilev's ballet Petrouchka (set in a fairground) as symbolic of the destruction of the innocent by brute force.

While preparing for the lecture I met a man in the street who had seen a Zeppelin coming in on the wind in 1917. He remarked with a sense of the awe he felt at the great silver cigar shape in the night sky, coming in on the wind on a journey down to the East End of London.

Incidentally. I found in the archives of Reckitt and Colman's a Zeppelin Detector given away with mustard that calculated for you the likelihood of an attack, based on the direction of the wind.

Here is a small collection of visual material I have collected over the period that tests my own responses to thechaos of destruction and its peculair attraction. The Menu includes also responses from a wide range of people to the spectacle of Zeppelins over London.

Reflections on aerial bombing in 1916 certainly chimed well with my anxieties experienced in the 1980's in Norwich, being at the epicentre of the American airbases.

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THE IMAGERY OF THE UNDERGROUND

PUNCH November15 1911 SINGLE IMAGE "The moving staircase seems to have been a great success at Earl's Court Station. Why not go in for other attractions? Why not turn the Inner Circle into one great Merry-Go-Round?"

My Menu of imagery of Underground Travel

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GERTLER PAINTINGS OF THE PERIOD

 

Swing Boats, lost painting of the period.

Gilbert Cannan in front of his Mill, 1915/1916

The Creation of Eve, 1914

 

THE IMAGERY OF THE FAIRGROUND

IN the public domain

IN ADVERTISING

MARIE VASSILIEV, Merry go Round 1915

"Going Round in Circles", Eyre Railroad advertisement 1946

"More Turns than a Merry Go Round" Bundy Tubing 1952

PLAY, Heywood Sumner

MERRY GO ROUND, Marvin Cone US 1934

ALL THE FUN OF THE FAIR, Ernest Proctor

CROSS FRAME SWING BOATS, FROM a book on Garden Design, Amsterdam 1802

ALAN GWYNNE-JONES, Southwold Fair 1912, 1927

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THE IMAGERY OF AERIAL BOMBING

ZEPPELINS - THE AESTHETICS OF BEING BOMBED

BOOKLIST

For the standard biography see John Woodeson, Mark Gertler Biography of a Painter , 1972;

Mark Gertler Selected Letters ,edited by Noel Carrington 1965;

The Letters and Diaries of Dora Carrington edited Noel Carrington;

John Rothenstein Modern English Painters , Vol ii, 1956;

Gilbert Cannan, Mendel A Story of Youth , published October 1916;

Robert Gathorne-Hardy, Ottoline, the Early Memoirs of Lady Ottoline Morrell 1963;

Osbert Sitwell, Great Morning , 1948;

D.H.Lawrence, The Rainbow,1915;

George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England, Paladin 1966

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SELECTED DATES

Born in Spitalfields, East London;
1906, long periods of sleeplessness and depression; , attended art classes Regent Street Polytechnic;
1908 to Slade School,met Dora Carrington, C.R.W.Nevinson, Paul Nash, David Bomberg, won Slade Scholarship, first prize for Head Painting;
1912 joined New English Art School, visited Paris, early influence of Piero, now allegiance to the Modern School and particularly Derain ;
1915 joined the Morell/Lawrence circle and left the East End for good.Moved to Penn Studio, Hampstead.
1919 first visit to Paris, change in his art from the depiction of the individual to the influence of the Ecole de Paris.